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After the war, flexibility of faith was seriously limited in the Communist international locations recently aligned with the Soviet Union, many of which experienced massive Catholic populations. Pope Pius XI referred to these 3 nations around the world as a "terrible triangle". In 1854, Pope Pius IX, with the guidance of the overpowering vast majority of Catholic bishops, whom he experienced consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as a dogma in the Catholic Church. 500, the bishops, or popes, of Rome, steadily enhanced in authority by means of their steady intervening in aid of orthodox leaders in theological disputes, which encouraged appeals to them. 1378 by the 38-12 months-extensive Western schism, with claimants to the papacy in Rome, Avignon and (after 1409) Pisa. The Catholic Church considers the bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor to Saint Peter. Constantinople to a placement "2nd in eminence and electrical power to the bishop of Rome". In the sixties, Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council, which ushered in radical improve to Church ritual and apply, and in the later on twentieth century, the long reign of Pope John Paul II contributed to the Fall of Communism in Europe, and a new general public and intercontinental purpose for the papacy.